The National Ocean Service (NOS) maintains a long-term database containing data from active and historic stations installed all over the United States and U.S. territories. Since the 1990s, NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) has been collecting various meteorological data along the U.S. coastline, around the Great Lakes and connecting channels, as well a...

The 14th Weather Squadron of the U.S. Air Force (USAF-14WS) creates a comprehensive dataset of weather observations; these observations stem from hundreds of domestic and international networks on a daily basis. Observations cover a broad spectrum of information that are incorporated into the NOAA Integrated Surface Data product. This dataset includes: cloud height and quality observations; extreme temperature; wind observations; ocean observations covering temperature, salinity, current speed and direction, waves, ice data; visibility; air temperature; precipitation; snow depth; atmospheric pressure; station metadata; etc. Up-to-date station metadata is included with every data submission, though not all stations described are included with every data submission. This is one of the primary source feeds into the NOAA Integrated Surface Data product.

This dataset includes five-minute reports with elements for wind speed and direction, visibility, present weather, temperature, dew point temperature, station altimeter, pressure and density altitude, and relative humidity for approximately 900 stations in the U.S., Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and some Pacific island territories as part of the Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS) network. The ASOS Program is a joint effort of the National Weather Service (NWS), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Department of Defense (DOD). The ASOS network was designed to support weather forecast activities and aviation operations and, at the same time, support the needs of the meteorological, hydrological, and climatological research communities. The ASOS 5-minute data were collected and processed by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).

The Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) produced by the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) is a fully coupled model representing the interaction between the Earth's oceans, land and atmosphere. The four-times-daily, 9-month control runs, consist of all 6-hourly forecasts, and the monthly means and variable time-series (all variables). The CFSv2 outputs include: 2-D Energetics (EGY); 2-D Surface and Radiative Fluxes (FLX); 3-D Pressure Level Data (PGB); 3-D Isentropic Level Data (IPV); 3-D Ocean Data (OCN); Low-resolution output (GRBLOW); Dumps (DMP); and High- and Low-resolution Initial Conditions (HIC and LIC). The monthly CDAS variable timeseries includes all variables. The CFSv2 period of record begins on April 1, 2011 and continues onward. CFS output is in GRIB-2 file format.

Surface Weather Observation 1001 Forms is a set of historical manuscript records for the period 1893-1948. The collection includes two very similar form types: Form 1001, in use by the US Weather Bureau, and Form 1, in use by the US Army and Navy. NCDC Climate Data Modernization Program (CDMP) scanned the vast majority of these forms in order to fill in the observation gap prior to the time when commercial aviation began in the U.S. Many forms contiaining observations taken on foreign soil have not yet been scanned. Observations were recorded two to four times daily beginning as early as 1893 at city Weather Bureau Offices. During the 1930s many of these city stations gradually moved to airport locations.

Through 1936 observations were taken twice daily; then in 1937 the general practice was to record four observations per day. The data elements are as follows: station pressure, sea level pressure, dry and wet bulb temperature, dew point, maximum and minimum temperature, wind direction and speed, precipitation, cloud amount and type, ceiling, state of weather and visibility. It should be noted that not all elements are present for all stations in this dataset, and that ceiling and visibility observations did not begin at the city offices until the 1930's. Official surface weather observation standards can be found in the Circular N manuals. The vast majority of records are available online, but some records are still only available in the physical format only.

Mexican Surface Daily Observations taken at 94 observatories located throughout Mexico, beginning in 1872 and going up through 1981. The data resided on paper records stored in non-climate-controlled conditions, and were therefore subject to deterioration and loss. This Climate Dabase Modernization Program task set up digital cameras to image these records, creating color .jpg images of the Mexican National Meteorological Service forms.

The NOAA Weather and Climate Toolkit is an application that provides simple visualization and data export of weather and climatological data archived at NCDC. The Toolkit also provides access to weather and climate web services provided from NCDC and other organizations. The Viewer provides tools for displaying custom data overlay, Web Map Services (WMS), animations and basic filters. The export of images and movies is provided in multiple formats. The Data Exporter allows for data export in both vector point/line/polygon and raster grid formats. Current data types supported include: CF-compliant Fridded NetCDF; Generic CF-compliant Irregularly-Spaced/Curvilinear Gridded NetCDF/HDF; GRIB1, GRIB2, GINI, GEMPAK, HDF(CF-compliant) and more gridded formats; GPES Satellite AREA Files; NEXRAD Radar Data(Level-II and Level-III); U.S. Drought Monitor Service from the National Drought Mitigation Center (NDMC); OPeNDAP support for Gridded Datasets

The Global Historical Climatology Network - Daily (GHCN-Daily) dataset integrates daily climate observations from approximately 30 different data sources. Version 3 was released in September 2012 with the addition of data from two additional station networks. Changes to the processing system associated with the version 3 release also allowed for updates to occur 7 days a week rather than only on most weekdays. Version 3 contains station-based measurements from well over 90,000 land-based stations worldwide, about two thirds of which are for precipitation measurement only. Other meteorological elements include, but are not limited to, daily maximum and minimum temperature, temperature at the time of observation, snowfall and snow depth. Over 25,000 stations are regularly updated with observations from within roughly the last month. The dataset is also routinely reconstructed (usually every week) from its roughly 30 data sources to ensure that GHCN-Daily is generally in sync with its growing list of constituent sources. During this process, quality assurance checks are applied to the full dataset. Where possible, GHCN-Daily station data are also updated daily from a variety of data streams. Station values for each daily update also undergo a suite of quality checks.

These daily weather records were compiled from a subset of stations in the Global Historical Climatological Network (GHCN)-Daily dataset. A weather record is considered broken if the value exceeds the maximum (or minimum) value recorded for an eligible station. A weather record is considered tied if the value is the same as the maximum (or minimum) value recorded for an eligible station. Daily weather parameters include Highest Min/Max Temperature, Lowest Min/Max Temperature, Highest Precipitation, Highest Snowfall and Highest Snow Depth. All stations meet defined eligibility criteria. For this application, a station is defined as the complete daily weather records at a particular location, having a unique identifier in the GHCN-Daily dataset. For a station to be considered for any weather parameter, it must have a minimum of 30 years of data with more than 182 days complete in each year. This is effectively a 30-year record of service requirement, but allows for inclusion of some stations which routinely shut down during certain seasons. Small station moves, such as a move from one property to an adjacent property, may occur within a station history. However, larger moves, such as a station moving from downtown to the city airport, generally result in the commissioning of a new station identifier. This tool treats each of these histories as a different station. In this way, it does not thread the separate histories into one record for a city. Records Timescales are characterized in three ways. In order of increasing noteworthiness, they are Daily Records, Monthly Records and All Time Records. For a given station, Daily Records refers to the specific calendar day: (e.g., the value recorded on March 7th compared to every other March 7th). Monthly Records exceed all values observed within the specified month (e.g., the value recorded on March 7th compared to all values recorded in every March). All-Time Records exceed the record of all observations, for any date, in a station's period of record. The Date Range and Location features are used to define the time and location ranges which are of interest to the user. For example, selecting a date range of March 1, 2012 through March 15, 2012 will return a list of records broken or tied on those 15 days. The Location Category and Country menus allow the user to define the geographic extent of the records of interest. For example, selecting Oklahoma will narrow the returned list of records to those that occurred in the state of Oklahoma, USA. The number of records broken for several recent periods is summarized in the table and updated daily. Due to late-arriving data, the number of recent records is likely underrepresented in all categories, but the ratio of records (warm to cold, for example) should be a fairly strong estimate of a final outcome. There are many more precipitation stations than temperature stations, so the raw number of precipitation records will likely exceed the number of temperature records in most climatic situations.

The collection consists of monthly weather records from U.S. Army Forts stations (~1820-1871), U.S. Army Signal Service Stations (1871-1892), Smithsonian Institution voluntary observer network (1848-1875), and other stations which conducted weather observations in the 19th century. Observations were generally conducted three times daily, around 7am, 2pm and 9pm. The voluntary and Signal Service stations were transferred to the newly-created U.S. Weather Bureau in 1891. Many of the stations continue on past 1892 in the Cooperative Observations and Surface Weather Observations (1001) libraries. Some keyed data from this series resides in the NCDC digital archive, but the vast majority is held and accessed through the Midwest Regional Climate Center (MRCC), a key partner in digitzation of the records. The MRCC holds keyed data for over 400 stations. All data in this collection were provided to the archive by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). The original forms were deteriorating in the National Archives and were converted to microfilm in the late 1930s as part of a Works Projects Administration program. A copy of the set was made for archival at NCDC, and the film was converted to TIFF format images around the year 2000 under the The Climate Database Modernization Program (CDMP). The physical collection spans from approximately 1804 until 1893, though some stations extend into the twentieth century. The digital collection includes any digitzed pre-1893 data received from NARA.

Global Surface Summary of the Day is derived from The Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH) dataset. The ISH dataset includes global data obtained from the USAF Climatology Center, located in the Federal Climate Complex with NCDC. The latest daily summary data are normally available 1-2 days after the date-time of the observations used in the daily summaries. The online data files begin with 1929 and are at the time of this writing at the Version 8 software level. Over 9000 stations' data are typically available. The daily elements included in the dataset (as available from each station) are: Mean temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean dew point (.1 Fahrenheit) Mean sea level pressure (.1 mb) Mean station pressure (.1 mb) Mean visibility (.1 miles) Mean wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum sustained wind speed (.1 knots) Maximum wind gust (.1 knots) Maximum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Minimum temperature (.1 Fahrenheit) Precipitation amount (.01 inches) Snow depth (.1 inches) Indicator for occurrence of: Fog, Rain or Drizzle, Snow or Ice Pellets, Hail, Thunder, Tornado/Funnel Cloud Global summary of day data for 18 surface meteorological elements are derived from the synoptic/hourly observations contained in USAF DATSAV3 Surface data and Federal Climate Complex Integrated Surface Hourly (ISH). Historical data are generally available for 1929 to the present, with data from 1973 to the present being the most complete. For some periods, one or more countries' data may not be available due to data restrictions or communications problems. In deriving the summary of day data, a minimum of 4 observations for the day must be present (allows for stations which report 4 synoptic observations/day). Since the data are converted to constant units (e.g, knots), slight rounding error from the originally reported values may occur (e.g, 9.9 instead of 10.0). The mean daily values described below are based on the hours of operation for the station. For some stations/countries, the visibility will sometimes 'cluster' around a value (such as 10 miles) due to the practice of not reporting visibilities greater than certain distances. The daily extremes and totals--maximum wind gust, precipitation amount, and snow depth--will only appear if the station reports the data sufficiently to provide a valid value. Therefore, these three elements will appear less frequently than other values. Also, these elements are derived from the stations' reports during the day, and may comprise a 24-hour period which includes a portion of the previous day. The data are reported and summarized based on Greenwich Mean Time (GMT, 0000Z - 2359Z) since the original synoptic/hourly data are reported and based on GMT.

Digitized data taken from original weather observations taken at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station, Florida. Elements recorded are wind speed and direction, temperature, dew point, pressure, and possibly more. Observations were taken every three hours. Records are contained in standard 80 character record lengths. The reference manual to indicate the individual fields and their lengths has not been found. It is possible to identify most of the fields, but some, particularly later in the record, have not been identified.

World War II Weather Record Transmittances are a record of the weather and meteorological data observed during World War II and transferred to the archive. It includes lists of data types, forms, and dates that the observations were delivered.

Monthly logs include a daily account of temperature extremes and precipitation, along with snow data at some locations. U.S. Cooperative Observer Program (COOP) Network stations scattered across the continental U.S., a few from Caribbean and Pacific Island stations. Cooperative stations are assigned a six-digit COOPID in which the first two correspond to the state, and the last four are assigned roughly in alphabetical order by station name. For a complete list of station IDs, see the cooperative station list at http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/homr/reports/mshr . Stations that were not a part of the network at the time the reports were submitted are assigned ID 777777

Local Climatological Data (LCD) are summaries of climatological conditions from airport and other prominent weather stations managed by NWS, FAA, and DOD. The product includes hourly observations and associated remarks, and a record of hourly precipitation for the entire month. Also included are daily summaries summarizing temperature extremes, degree days, precipitation amounts and winds. The tabulated monthly summaries in the product include maximum, minimum, and average temperature, temperature departure from normal, dew point temperature, average station pressure, ceiling, visibility, weather type, wet bulb temperature, relative humidity, degree days (heating and cooling), daily precipitation, average wind speed, fastest wind speed/direction, sky cover, and occurrences of sunshine, snowfall and snow depth. The source data is global hourly (DSI 3505) which includes a number of quality control checks.

The NOAA Monthly U.S. Climate Gridded Dataset (NClimGrid) consists of four climate variables derived from the GHCN-D dataset: maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature and precipitation. Each file provides monthly values in a 5x5 lat/lon grid for the Continental United States. Data is available from 1895 to the present. On an annual basis, approximately one year of "final" nClimGrid will be submitted to replace the initially supplied "preliminary" data for the same time period. Users should be sure to ascertain which level of data is required for their research.

The Mariners Weather Log (MWL) is a publication containing articles, news and information about marine weather events and phenomena, worldwide environmental impact concerns, climatology studies, storms at sea, and weather forecasting. The MWL is dedicated to the NWS Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) Program, Port Meteorological Officers (PMOs), cooperating ships officers, and their vessels. Through the various articles, mariners and other interested individuals are kept abreast of the most current operational uses of marine weather and oceanographic data. There are also articles concerning general meteorology and oceanography. The marine weather review included in the magazine contains a smooth log and sometimes a rough log. The smooth log (complete with cyclone tracks, climatological data from U.S. Ocean Weather Station "Hotel" and buoys, and gale and wave tables) is a definitive report on normal monthly weather systems, the primary storms that affected marine areas, and ship casualties for recent months. The rough log, when published, is a preliminary account of the weather for recent months that are not covered in the smooth log. Also included in the magazine is a special hurricane section as well as a section dealing with current projects and relevant scientific/meteorological occurrences. The archive holds a subset of these publications.

National Weather Service (NWS) Station Information System (SIS) contains observing station metadata from November 2016 to present. These are renditions are used for daily updates to the Historical Observing Metadata Repository (HOMR). Within this dataset there are embedded PDFs which are loaded into Environmental Document Access and Display System (EDADS) Version 2 (EV2) in the Cooperative Station History library and the JSON formatted machine readable version of the information on the PDFs which are integrated into HOMR. The station updates contain station profile information, and changes in location, instrumentation, obstructions, observers, and observation times. NCEI only receives these files when something is changed on the station, or every 3 years for a NWS-mandated update. Version 2 of this dataset includes new equipment hierarchy and minor changes to how observer information is structured in the JSON interface files.

These data represent Next-Generation Radar (NEXRAD) and Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) weather radar stations within the US. The NEXRAD radar stations are maintained and operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The TDWR radar stations are maintained and operated by the Federal Aviation Administration. Both radar's are pulsed Doppler types that measure reflectivity...